Field evaluation of introduced and local cowpea genotypes. Yield increases were related largely to increased pod and seed production but the effect of seed size on yield was relatively minor. Cowpea is often referred to as the womens crop since they mostly grow it for their families the nutrition and to earn a little cash. The scientific name for cowpea is vigna unguiculata. Modern cowpea breeding to overcome critical production. Enhancing cowpea productivity for sustainable livelihoods. Purchase fresh seed regularly to avoid build up of seed borne diseases. Cowpea is eaten by deer as forage, and is commonly used in food plots for deer. California, texas, arkansas and the southeastern states yielding 20,000 tons a year. Conditions for growing cowpea rainfall 250500 mm of well distributed rainfall during the growing season is adequate for cowpea production.
Legume varieties such as cowpea, lablab, velvet beans, soya beans and sun hemp were intercropped with cereals maize and sugar graze in this pilot phase. Zimbabwe, southwestern cape flora in south africa, and in the eastern kivu region in. Stakeholders strategise to increase cowpea seed production. Expounding the production and importance of cowpea vigna. These forage legumes can produce good yields of high quality dry matter. Production level in countries like brazil, cuba, ghana, mozambique, nigeria, sri. It is considered as a womens crop hence grown on small.
Legume varieties such as cowpea, lablab, velvet beans, soya beans and sun hemp were intercropped with cereals maize and sugar graze in. Despite cowpea widespread cultivation, crop yield is low, with an. Walp world literature on cowpea research covering mainly the two years, 198182was analysed to determine the yearly distribution of the literature and the extent of the inclusive retrospective literature. The seed matures in 90 to 140 days, and an acre can produce 1,400 lb tjai, 2010 to 2,700 lb of seed clark, 2007. It is estimated that total annual cowpea grain production in the world is valued at approximately usd 1. Distribution and detection of cowpea viruses infecting. Fifteen cowpea genotypes were evaluated at 5 locations, for 2 years under rainfed conditions. As a legume, cowpea fixes its own nitrogen, and does not need nitrogen fertiliser. Distribution and detection of cowpea viruses infecting cowpea. New mutant cowpea variety helps zimbabwes farmers in. Shown are the linkage of aflp, rapd, and other markers to s. Enhancing cowpea productivity for sustainable livelihoods of. Cowpea is grown as a low input pulse by many smallholder farmers in zimbabwe.
Cowpea is grown in millions of smallholder farms in the drier zones of africa, forming a great arc stretching from senegal to sudan and somalia and southward to zimbabwe, botswana and mozambique. Nedumaran s, abinaya p, jyosthnaa p, shraavya b, parthasarathy rao and cynthia bantilan. Idah sitholeniang will serve as liaison between ngica, cowpea scientists, and aatf and will prepare the technical report for the july 1011 sgm. Jun 15, 2004 as with many other grain crops grown in the semiarid tropics, the cowpea post production system in developing countries is an important constraint.
Create free account to access unlimited books, fast download and ads free. Under dryland conditions, yields of cowpeas have ranged from 500 kg dry matter dmha to over 4000 kg dmha under favourable conditions. Masvaya3 1midlands state university, agronomy department, gweru, zimbabwe 2midlands state university, department of land and water resources management, gweru, zimbabwe. Cowpea vigna unguiculata is the most important grain legume in the third world, particularly africa. Introduction cowpea is one of the most ancient crops known to man. Cowpea is known by different names across the country. Vigna unguiculata cowpea is a food and animal feed crop grown in the semiarid tropics covering africa, asia, europe, united states and central and south america. The decoction made from the seeds of cowpea and the roots of euclea divinorum hiern or terminalia sericea burch ex dc. Therefore the production of on farm multipurpose legumes and cereal crops fits in well for the smallholder dairy sector. Lanka, sudan, zambia, and zimbabwe is increasing due to. This is a major constraint to cowpea production especially in west africa, because their damage can be as high as 80100% if not well managed. Emergence of cowpea under tropical temperatures averaging 28c occurs in 23 days. Sources from field research have indicated that the. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall, it is an important crop in the semiarid regions across africa and asia.
Our results provide evidence that the current density of 3333 plants ha. Fertiliser application in cowpea production depends on anticipated yield and soil fertility. The cowpea leaves are usually picked when green and eaten as a vegetable. Beyond africa cowpea is an important crop in some tropical american countries, especially in northeastern brazil. Jul 04, 2019 the move is to help increase the production of two certified climate resilient cowpea seeds developed by the council for scientific and industrial research savanna agricultural research institute csirsari under the kirkhouse trust project that can be supplied to farmers under the planting for food and jobs pfj programme. Seed should be inoculated with the appropriate rhizobium species for optimum nitrogen fixation, however nodules will. Titterton department of animal science, university of zimbabwe april 2002. Download full guide to cowpea production in borno state nigeria book or read online anytime anywhere, available in pdf, epub and kindle. Cowpeas department of research and specialist services. Zimbabwe super seeds is a community owned company and is a leading producer and marketer of certified seeds in zimbabwe. Raising the average yield per hectare of the crop will therefore increase the annual global production and hence the revenue.
In subtropical zones temperatures are only suitable for cowpea in the summer, whereas temperatures are suitable yearround in tropical zones. Production guidelines for cowpeas agricultural research council. Gm and seed industry eye africas lucrative cowpea seed. Aa w cccooowwpppeeeaaa ttteeeccchhhnno oolllooggyy. The nature of the literature and its form of publication are identified and discussed. Forage production and conservation manual growing and ensiling annual and perennial forage crops suited to marginal and semiarid areas of southern africa o. Five cowpea production constraint areas were identified i seed production access ii field production iii storageutilization iv marketing v intellectual property.
They are excellent quality crops for fattening both sheep and cattle, and are also regarded as good feed for milking cows. The most damaging diseases for cowpea are caused by viruses and represent significant proportion of losses regarding the potential value of the crop in subsaharan africa 5. It is commonly known as blackeyed pea, china pea and marble pea. Seed co zimbabwe develops and markets certified crop seeds, mainly hybrid maize seed, but also wheat, soya bean, barley, sorghum, vegetable seeds and ground nut seed. However, cowpea areas and production figures for the united states as a. Root length density in maizecowpea intercropping under a. Box 776, bulawayo, zimbabwe b plant production systems. In tanzania, production declined in the early 1970s but in the late 1970s it showed considerable improvement in production. Cowpea is not likely to persist outside cultivated fields. Cowpea food and agriculture organization of the united nations. With respect to the constraints mentioned above the cowpea. In particular, weevils postharvest pests can destroy a granary full of cowpea in two or three months. Jan 20, 2016 cowpea is attacked by various insect pests, during different phases of its lifecycle even down to storage.
Estimating world cowpea production is rather difficult, as it is usually grown in a mixture with other crops, but according to a 1997 estimate, cowpeas are cultivated on 12. Root length density in maize cowpea intercropping under a basin tillage system in a semiarid area of zimbabwe e. Five cowpea production constraint areas were identified i seed production access ii field production iii storageutilization iv. Cbc2 cowpea variety characteristics progene seed production manual. Mutsotso dried cowpea leaf recipe munyemba zimbabwean. Cowpea plants are often infected by more than one virus disease, resulting in serious economic losses in agricultural production 6.
Seed should be inoculated with the appropriate rhizobium species for optimum nitrogen fixation, however nodules will generally form on cowpeas. The overall objective of the workshop was to develop a process and to formulate a plan for a cowpea improvement project in subsaharan africa. The cowpea vigna unguiculata is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus vigna. Exact figures for cowpea production are hard to come up with as it is not a major export crop. Grain legumes production, consumption and trade trends in developing countries. That notwithstanding, based on information available from food and agricultural organization fao, it was estimated that more than 3,3 tons of cowpeas were produced worldwide in 2000 from at least 12,5 million ha. A variety of birds, including wild turkey, eat the seeds and the plant can be used by quail as cover. Pdf relayintercropping of sunnhemp and cowpea into a. Because dry matter production in crops relayintercropping of cowpea and sunnhemp into depends on the efficiency of par biscoe and gal maize fertilized with zero or 60 kg n ha1 was not associ lagher, 1977, shading of the legume understory resulted ated with a significant maize grain yield reduction ta in low herbage biomass. In the usa, where black eye peas is a heritage crop, there is considerable cowpea production. In uganda total production deteriorated sharply after 1975.
Potentials and constraints cowpea for food and poverty. Increased income and wellbeing of farmers and marketers of cowpea products. Grain legumes production, consumption and trade trends in. The vast majority of the worlds cowpea production over 95% takes place in subsaharan africa figure 5.
It is an important vegetable leaves and grain in the diets of smallholder. Cowpea vigna unguiculata l has a variety of uses in zimbabwe. Production per season is usually in the 2000 to 3000 kg dmha range. Cowpea production in zimbabwe in zimbabwe, cowpea is grown in diverse ecological areas which vary in rainfall, soil type, and temperature. Nov 09, 2018 a niche crop, cowpea grows in the drier areas of zimbabwe and other parts of subsaharan africa that receive an average of only 250300 mm of rainfall per year, matova said, adding that it is a worry that crop production has been impacted by the effects of climate change. A survey involving 114 farmers was conducted in makueni and taita counties using a semistructured questionnaire to determine cowpea production practices. The largest production is in africa, with nigeria and niger predominating, but brazil, haiti, india, myanmar, sri lanka, australia, the u. Both men and women grow cowpea, but women do the bulk of the harvesting and processing of cowpea. It originated and was domesticated in southern africa and was later moved to east and west africa and asia. Some varieties of cowpea are used specifically for wildlife purposes ball et al. The production guide is meant to provide field based agricultural extension personnel and farmers with quick reference material to guide them in the promotion of cowpea production. Worldwide production of cowpeas is approximately 20 million acres. It originated and was domesticated in southern africa and was later moved to east and west africa.
Harwood abstract erosion giller and cadisch, 1995, suppress weeds ex the rising real prices of purchased inputs is driving smallholder ner and cruse, 1993, and fix biological n. Aa w cccooowwpppeeeaaa ttteeeccchhhnno oolllooggyy ppllaann. Pdf yield and stability of new cowpea varieties in zimbabwe. It requires very few inputs, as the plants root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resourcepoor farmers and wellsuited to intercropping with. Pdf guide to cowpea production in borno state nigeria. Zimbabwean farmers have seen a 1020% increase in their.
New mutant cowpea variety helps zimbabwes farmers in drought. Maasdorp department of crop science, university of zimbabwe m. Trends in cowpea research by international institute of. Tafirenyika gumbomunda, farmer, zimbabwe new mutant cowpea variety helps zimbabwe s farmers in drought prone areas by aabha dixit and svetlomir slavchev. Gm and seed industry eye africas lucrative cowpea seed markets. In a crop rotation program, they can significantly improve soil nitrogen levels by nitrogen fixation or by incorporation in soil as a green manure crop. Cowpea is often referred to as the womens crop since they mostly grow it for their families.
Constraints to cowpea production and utilization in sub. The cowpea is one of the mandated crops addressed by the international institute of tropical agriculture, ibadan, nigeria. Cowpeas vigna unguiculata and lablab lablab purpureus are fast growing, annual, summer forage legumes. Cowpea has been identified by traditional healers in zimbabwe to treat urinary schistosomiasis bilharzia nyazema 1987. Click get books and find your favorite books in the online library. Resilience and economic growth in the sahel accelerated. These are some of the major and important pests of cowpea. Combined analysis of variance for grain yield across locations and years showed highly. In california, new blackeye cowpea cb50 was released in 2008 and 8,000 kg certified seed was available for 2009 planting. The rate of dry matter production by cowpea is closely related to the amount of incoming radiation intercepted by the crop canopy. Production practices, postharvest handling, and quality of. Communal farming in zimbabwe is characterised by low and inadequate soil, land. In africa, cowpea production appears generally profitable. Raising cowpea productivity in order to raise the productivity of cowpea, the strategy should focus on tackling the production constraints and diversification of value added products.
We are combating climate change with advanced technology that has generated drought tolerant cowpeas. The importance of cowpea as a crop that cannot be dispensed with in the agriculture of the subsistence farmers in south sudan and the characteristics of cowpea plant type of roots, leaves, stem. Cowpea plants are often infected by more than one virus disease, resulting in serious economic losses in agricultural production. Research and production of cowpea has been neglected in zimbabwe in the last three. Over 80% of farmers in the developing countries use seeds from the informal seed supply that is of unknown quality status with low physical purity, reduced vigour, and contamination with seedborne pathogens.
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