Job satisfaction is more of an attitude, an internal state. To study about the various theories of job satisfaction. In the field of labour economics, following the seminal papers by hamermesh 1977, freeman 1978 and, this has spawned a growing number of studies of the determinants and consequences of differences in individuals reported job satisfaction. Discrepancy theory models of satisfaction in is research. Job satisfaction is a complex and multifaceted concept wich can mean different things to different people. The last theory used to explain job satisfaction was proposed by landy. Governments restructuring pay policy and job satisfaction. Theoretical concept of job satisfaction international. Keywordscustomer satisfaction, customer disconfirmation, perception, discrepancy theory. In this section, our focus is on job satisfaction, where job satisfaction is a function of the extent to which rewards actually received meet the perceived equitable level of rewards porter and lawler 1968, p. These attempts sort of created different distinctions especially, between affective and job satisfaction with yet another strand called job cognitive.
This model hypothesizes that satisfaction depends on. This model lists five features of a job that can affect a person, three of which skill variety, task identity, task significance can affect an employees perception of how meaningful the work is. Job satisfaction or employee satisfaction is a measure of workers contentedness with their job. Operationalization of the search terms job satisfactiona instrumenta theorya factorsa job satisfaction instruments theory job factors. Pdf determinants of job satisfaction andrada boeriu. Organizational justice perceptions and pay level satisfaction. Job satisfaction is indeed very important and you should not let your own likes and dislikes take a back seat when you are narrowing down on the kind of job you have. The lhavewantl discrepancy theory proposes that job satisfaction is determined by the discrepancies between what workers currently have. Recently, many organizational psychologists have argued for a dis crepancy approach to thinking about job satisfaction.
Introductionin recent years economists have taken an increasing interest in the analysis of the subjective wellbeing of individuals. Various scholars over the years have attempted to elucidate the term job satisfaction. Locke views job satisfaction as the pleasurable emotional state resulting in the appraisal of ones job as achieving or facilitating the attainment of ones job values locke, 1969. Discrepancy theory this theory was first pioneered by porter in 1961. Although most of the debates about theories of jobsatisfaction start with maslows. After that, we discuss satisfaction used in is research starting with user satisfaction followed by employee job satisfaction. Locke quoted as job satisfaction is a pleasurable or positive emotional state from the appraisal of ones job or. Hence, this study is focused to consolidate the theoretical concept about job satisfaction. His theory is known as the opponent process theory.
The following mentioned are the points that explain the effects and causes of job satisfaction when it is low. Discrepancy theory by porter this theory explains that an employee will be satisfied if there is no difference between what is desired and his perception of reality, by measuring ones job satisfaction by calculating the difference between what should be and the perceived reality. Based on affective event theory, this study will examine the relationship between workrelated identity discrepancy and job engagement, and the extent to which negative emotions mediates this relationship. Lawlers discrepancy theory suggests that a persons job satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
Locke 1969 and decompose subjective evaluation of job characteris tics into surplus and deficit levels. Job satisfaction is derived from the latin words satis and facere, which means enough and to do respectively. The section following that provides an approach to organizing, or modeling, the correlates of job satisfaction. Hamermesh 1977 is to the best of our knowledge the first to develop and test a theory of overall job satisfaction, whereas freeman 1978 and borjas 1979 examined the relationship between unionism and job satisfaction where the latter is adopted with the motivation that it is a measure that captures other aspects of the workplace, which are. This model hypothesizes that satisfaction depends on the extent to which.
Effects of work life balance practices on employees job. The discrepancy theory is concerned on what the workers are expecting and. Job satisfaction refers to an employees general attitude towards his job. Job satisfaction may be viewed either as a global, overall view of satisfaction or as specific satisfactions with the various facets of the job i. Newman the link between job satisfaction and job performance is one of the most studied relationships in industrialorganizational psychology. Optimism and the nonlinear citizenship behaviorjob. Job satisfaction, analytic hierarchy process, job satisfaction survey. Another name of discrepancy theory is affect theory which is developed by edwin a. Document resume ei 362 371 author title pub date pub type.
Lockes theory recognized the importance of how much people value different aspects of their job, along with how well their expectations are met. The most widely accepted theory of job satisfaction was proposed by locke 1976, who defined job satisfaction as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences locke, 1975, p. On the basis of these definitions it may be concluded that job satisfaction is a complex set of variables governed to a large extent by. Some theories of job satisfaction included discrepancy theory locke, 1969, equity theory mowday, 1992, and the motivatorhygiene theory herzberg. Pdf a project report on job satisfaction a case study. Models of job satisfaction affect theory organizational. Locke 1969 defines job satisfaction as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones or job experiences. Essentially, satisfaction is said to be derived from a comparative process that considers a prior formed impression about an. Job satisfaction is an integral of the organizational climate and importance element in management and employee relationship. The concept of discrepancy theory is to explain the ultimate source of anxiety and dejection. Selfefficacy, work engagement, and job satisfaction there were a few studies that simultaneously examined teacher selfefficacy, work engagement, and job satisfaction. Reliability and validity of instruments measuring job. On the basis of these definitions it may be concluded that job satisfaction is a complex set of variables governed to a large extent by perception and expectations of the employees.
A project report on job satisfaction a case study with reference to master of business administration college address. We base our analysis on lockes discrepancy theory locke 1969 by which individuals job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is the extent to which people like satisfaction or dislike dissatisfaction their jobs 21, and refers to an attitude or emotional response to ones tasks as well as to the. Discrepancy theory was developed by wilcock and wright 1991 or as it is also called, the valuepercept disparity model. The factors found in these studies were expected to be included in the instrument. The most famous of these job satisfaction models is that of locke. A discrepancy is a perceived difference between an adopted anchor and a personal understanding of accomplishment along the. It is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of ones job. Operationalization of the search terms job satisfactiona instrumenta theorya factorsa job satisfaction instruments theory job.
Fulfillment theory 2 discrepancy theory 3 equity theory 4 twofactor theory 1. This theory involved a standard of comparison by individuals with respect to what they wanted or expected from their job and what they actually received. He suggested that the primary reaction the immediate emotional response combined with the secondary reaction the later emotional response creates a stabilized equilibrium which results in job satisfaction. Influential theories of job satisfaction include the facet model herzbergs motivatorhygiene. Whether job satisfaction influences employee satisfaction in organizations. The utility of job satisfaction measures rests on the develop ment of multiple measurement methods that are standardized, suitable for wide use, and capable of detecting population differences and population changes. Pdf a project report on job satisfaction a case study with. Discrepancy theory provides broad coverage in explaining satisfaction. The facet model herzbergs motivatorhygiene theory the discrepancy. It enriches the literature on workrelated identity discrepancy on one hand and chinese culture on the other. What are the different theories of job satisfaction. This study found moderate differences in correlations between communication and job satisfaction using a discrepancy framework when high.
Discrepancy theory, compensation theory and work enrichment theory. There have been various attempts to explain job satisfaction in different ways a reflection on these theories will show that in the discussion it is very difficult to consider motivation. Discrepancy theory lawler 1971 global subjective amount of money received determined by comparing actual. Job satisfaction is usually linked with motivation, but the nature of this relationship is not clear. Pdf discrepancy theory models of satisfaction in is research. This theory implies that each worker has a typical or characteristic level of job satisfaction that could be called the persons steady state or equilibrium level brief, 1998, p. When exploring job related wellbeing, job satisfaction is assessed, which includes different facets, such as satisfaction with salary, supervisor, tasks performed, among other elements of the. This theory tries to answer the needs of a person satisfying and the factor that motivates a person to work.
Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations. Different job satisfaction theories include i discrepancy theories, which. Job satisfaction has been treated as a complex set of variables. Locke in 1976 and is considered the most famous job. Affective feelings toward a product or service will be inversely related to the magnitude of the discrepancy. Feb 11, 2011 theory, an employee compares hisher outcomeinput ratio with referent others, and pay satisfaction is dependent on the comparison of the persons ratio with a comparison other. The final section suggests some priorities for further research and development. According to discrepancy theory, differences between received. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job.
Shrms annual employee job satisfaction and engagement survey identifies. Overall satisfactions derive form combined levels of satisfaction from various elements of an individuals job, whether its. Case study on job satisfaction of oati employees management essay. Job satisfaction refers to a positive or negative evaluative judgment one makes about ones job or job situation weiss, 2002, p. In discussing this problem of job satisfaction many theories have been put forward by experts and researchers on job satisfaction, among others, with the discrepancy theory, equity theory, two factors theory, and need fulfilment theory. Job satisfaction and employee performance has been a topic of research for decades. The diagonal model of job satisfaction and motivation. Another process theory studied was the discrepancy theory of job satisfaction locke, 1976. What is discrepancy theory of job satisfaction 1277. The second theory, discrepancy theory, is derivative of equity theory, and considers pay satisfaction to be a function of the discrepancy of two. Jun 12, 20 theories of job satisfaction each theory of job satisfaction takes intoaccount one or more of the four maindeterminants of job satisfaction and specifies,in more detail, what causes one worker to besatisfied with a job and another to bedissatisfied. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given. Moreover, findings about satisfaction level of employees and recommendations for the institution are presented in the report. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in.
Asfigure 2shows, discrepancy between expectations and reality on the component of affection was significantly negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction, such that the higher the discrepancy one experienced, the lower the level of relationship satisfaction, r. Theories of job satisfaction explained with example. The discrepancy theory on the other hand, sheds light on the source of anxiety and dejection. Pdf evaluating pharmacists motivation and job satisfaction. The value of job satisfaction has a positive significant impact on the value of motivation, and the factors of. Job satisfaction indicators this section summarizes considerations that bear upon the. T his paper investigates the determinants of the job satisfaction of spanish university graduates. The value percept theory argues that job satisfaction depends on whether a job supplies the things an individual value most. Job satisfaction in organizational executives international journal. A discrepancy theory of the relationship between communication. Opponent process theory was proposed by landy 1978 as a theory of job satisfaction, based on the ideas of solomon and corbit 1973. Jan 26, 2021 another theory is the job characteristics model, probably one of the most job focused theories of job satisfaction used.
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